Some Organizing Principles for a Unified Top-Level Ontology

objects are objects which do not have a spatial nor a temporal location. They are included here just for completeness, but are in fact kept outside the current analysis. Notice however that I refer here to abstract particulars, such as Pitagora’s theorem or (maybe?) the empty set. Most entities usually called abstract objects are however universals (see section 5). Qualities are included here among particulars. I endorse here the position of those philosophers who – following Husserl – admit the ontological existence of “individual qualities” [Mulligan et al. 1984]. Therefore the color of a particular rose, the height of a particular mountain, the length of my nose are all unique individuals, unlike properties like “being red”